All transactions to be registered in the Trade Registry must be entered through the MERSİS system.

Initial ledger certifications for sole proprietorship registrations are done by notaries.

For Limited Liability Companies (LLC) and Joint Stock Companies (including ledger certification, articles of association certification, and establishment costs), it is around 2,000 TL. Sole proprietorship establishment cost is around 1,000 TL.

The capital blocking requirement has been removed for Limited Liability Companies, but the practice continues for Joint Stock Companies.

Registration applications are issued for sole proprietorship registrations, branch registrations, company establishments, and changes in authorized representatives.

Limited Liability Company and Cooperative agreements are certified by our directorate, while Joint Stock Company articles of association are approved by both notary public and our directorate. Initial ledger certifications at establishment are performed by our directorate.

Limited Liability and Joint Stock Companies must first enter liquidation before they can be terminated. After liquidation, calls to creditors are published three times at one-week intervals in the Turkish Trade Registry Gazette. Application for termination can be made 6 months after the 3rd announcement is published. Sole proprietorships can complete the termination process with a signed petition by the authorized persons, the original and signed asset declaration as per Article 44 of the Execution and Bankruptcy Law, and the closure report obtained from the Tax Office.

The company name can be freely determined as long as the sector descriptions are in Turkish.

The period to request registration at the Trade Registry Directorate is 15 days. (Turkish Commercial Code Article 30) TURKISH COMMERCIAL CODE ARTICLE 30 – (1) Unless otherwise provided by law, the period for requesting registration is 15 days. (2) This period begins from the date on which the transaction or event requiring registration occurs; in cases where completion depends on the preparation of a document or certificate, from the date on which such document or certificate is prepared. (3) For those residing outside the jurisdiction of the trade registry directorate, this period is 1 month.

To view Turkish Trade Registry Gazettes online: Go to www.tobb.org.tr, click on the Turkish Trade Registry Gazette title on the right side of the opened window, and register through the Free Gazette Query section. (Turkish Trade Registry Gazettes published before 2004 can only be viewed by directorates.)

The ledger certification must be completed on the same day as the company's registration.

Branch opening cost is approximately 3,000 TL. This fee may vary depending on the number of authorized persons for the branch and the word count of the matter to be announced.

A legal entity can be elected as manager. When a legal entity is elected to the company management, the name and surname of the natural person authorized on behalf of the legal entity, along with the notarized copy of the decision of the authorized body regarding the appointment, must be provided together with the legal entity.

According to the last sentence of the first paragraph of Article 623 of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, at least one partner must have the right to manage and authority to represent the company. Therefore, since a minor for whom no judicial maturity decision has been made cannot exercise the right to manage and represent the company on their own, at least one partner must have legal capacity.

The presence of a Ministry Representative is mandatory at the following general assembly meetings and at any second meetings held due to their postponement: a) At all general assembly meetings of companies whose establishment and articles of association amendments are subject to Ministry approval; and at general assembly meetings of other companies with agenda items including capital increase or decrease, transition to or exit from registered capital system, increase of registered capital ceiling, or articles of association amendments regarding change of field of activity, as well as merger, division, or type change matters. b) At general assembly meetings of companies implementing electronic participation system for general assemblies. c) At all general assembly meetings to be held abroad. d) At privileged shareholders' special board meetings to be held abroad. (2) The presence of a Ministry Representative is not mandatory at general assembly meetings and privileged shareholders' special boards other than those listed in the first paragraph. However, if those calling the general assembly request and this request is deemed appropriate by the appointing authority, a Ministry Representative is assigned. (3) For meetings where Ministry Representative presence is not mandatory, direct applications to the appointing authority by parties other than those calling the meeting for Ministry Representative assignment are not considered. However, requests for Ministry Representative assignment by shareholders constituting at least one-tenth of the capital, along with their reasons, are submitted to the company for evaluation by the appointing authority. Those calling the meeting are obligated to forward this request to the appointing authority. (4) At meetings specified in the first paragraph and at meetings where a Ministry Representative is assigned pursuant to the second and third paragraphs, decisions taken in the absence of the Ministry Representative are invalid. (5) Those assigned as Ministry Representatives at company general assemblies are notified to the relevant trade registry directorate by the assigning authority.